This article describes the development and preliminary effectiveness of a campus suicide prevention program designed for American Indian (AI) students who are at higher risk for suicide compared with the general population. Using the medicine wheel as a guiding framework, the current prevention model integrates communication links between AI tribes and prevention program staff, educational and cultural programming, and spiritual ceremonies with the larger campus mental health resources available to students. A discussion of the barriers faced and solutions generated for implementing the program is offered, along with suggestions for disseminating this AI-specific prevention program to other universities.

Early in the epidemic, HIV infection and AIDS were diagnosed for relatively few women and female adolescents (although we know now that many women were infected with HIV through injection drug use but that their infections were not diagnosed). Today, women account for more than one quarter of all new HIV/AIDS diagnoses. Women of color are especially affected by HIV infection and AIDS.

The tragedy of suicide is dreaded by everyone. Tribal child welfare workers are no exception. Fortunately, they are in a position to do something about it. The purpose of this toolkit is to help tribal child welfare workers and care providers play an effective role in the prevention of suicide among the children and youth they serve. The tribal child welfare worker needs to consider several questions to be effective:

The increasing number of homeless students in the United States, particularly in the wake of the current economic downturn, is reaching crisis proportions. Research has begun to identify particular risks and negative outcomes homeless children face in their school, social, and family lives. In academic settings, there are more attempts at providing supports to homeless students, but the effectiveness of these interventions has only recently begun to be measured. One reason for measurement challenges is the difficulty in identifying homeless and highly mobile students, particularly as they move between school districts and are reluctant to self-identify to school staff.

This document sets out how DCSF intends to deliver the guarantee of good behaviour across schools in England, acting upon the recommendations of Sir Alan Steer’s behaviour review.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a serious threat to the Hispanic/Latino community. Hispanics/Latinos* comprise 15% of the U.S. population but accounted for 17% of all new HIV infections occurring in the United States in 2006. During the same year, the rate of new HIV infections among Hispanics/Latinos was 2.5 times that of whites. In 2006, HIV/AIDS was the fourth leading cause of death among Hispanic/Latino men and women aged 35–44.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in African American communities is a continuing public health crisis for the United States. At the end of 2006 there were an estimated 1.1 million people living with HIV infection, of which almost half (46%) were black/African American. While blacks represent approximately 12 percent of the U.S. population, they continue to account for a higher proportion of cases at all stages of HIV/AIDS—from infection with HIV to death with AIDS—compared with members of other races and ethnicities.

This research was carried out by researchers on the British Social Attitudes team and in the Questionnaire Development and Testing Hub (QDT Hub) at NatCen to test questions on attitudes to child poverty for use on the British Social Attitudes survey (BSA). The objectives were to:
• explore the effectiveness of existing survey questions regarding poverty generally; and
• develop and test a new set of questions exploring public attitudes to child poverty.

The report structure covers six specific themes. These themes formed the basis of the interview structure, although most are interlinked in some way. The themes are: partnerships and multi-agency working; choice of interventions and models of practice; engaging stakeholders (schools, children, young people and parents); evaluation; financial planning; and influencing system change in children’s mental health services.

There are many interrelated aspects of children’s well-being, and only selected facets can be included in this report. This report draws on various overarching frameworks to identify seven major domains that characterize the well-being of a child and that influence the likelihood that a child will grow to be a well-educated, economically secure, productive, and healthy adult. The seven domains are family and social environment, economic circumstances, health care, physical environment and safety, behavior, education, and health. These domains are interrelated and can have synergistic effects on well-being.

This leaflet sets out the powers that schools have in relation to children’s behaviour, every parent’s responsibility for ensuring the good behaviour of their children, and what parents can expect from the school.

India has one of the world's most diverse and complex migration histories. Since the 19th century, ethnic Indians have established communities on every continent as well as on islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific and Indian oceans.

At the end of 2006, an estimated 1.1 million persons in the United States were living with diagnosed or undiagnosed HIV/AIDS. In 2007, 42,655 new cases of HIV/AIDS in adults, adolescents, and children were diagnosed in the 33 states with long-term, confidential name-based HIV reporting.

HIV continues to pose a significant threat to Americans’ health and well-being, with African Americans and men who have sex with men (MSM) of all races most severely affected. While African Americans account for 13 percent of the population, they account for nearly half of HIV diagnoses in 2005 (49% in 33 states with longstanding confidential name-based reporting) and nearly half of the people estimated to be living with HIV (47%). MSM also account for half of new HIV diagnoses in 2005 (49% in the 33 states with confidential name-based reporting) and nearly half of people estimated to be living with HIV (45%).

While youth are in care, their foster homes are paid monthly to house and care for them. However, once youth age out of care, they experience high rates of homelessness. Homelessness can be attributed to many factors, and chief among them is health: physical health, trauma, developmental delays, disabilities, addictions and mental health. Because current and former foster youth are more likely to experience mental health problems and have higher rates of other health needs, these youth are less likely to be able to retain stable housing. Services that provide therapeutic care, or employment and educational opportunities can help youth retain housing.

This document sets out the committee’s strategic priorities for 2009-10.

The Government has high-profile child poverty targets which are assessed using a measure of income, as recorded in the Household Below Average Income series (HBAI). However, income is an imperfect measure of living standards. Previous analysis suggests that some children in households with low income do not have commensurately low living standards. This report aims to document the extent to which this is true, focusing on whether children in low-income households have different living standards depending on whether their parents are employed, self-employed, or workless.

Clinical research presents health care providers with information on the natural history and clinical presentations of disease as well as diagnostic and treatment options. In today's healthcare system, patients, physicians, clinicians and family caregivers often lack the sufficient scientific data and evidence they need to determine the best course of treatment for the patients' medical conditions. Initial National Priorities for Comparative Effectiveness Research(CER) is designed to fill this knowledge gap by assisting patients and healthcare providers across diverse settings in making more informed decisions.

These profiles review the major features of the countries’ health coverage, financing and service delivery policies and provide links to articles with more information.

Decades of racial progress have led some researchers and policymakers to doubt that discrimination remains an important cause of economic inequality. To study contemporary discrimination we conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City. The experiment recruited white, black, and Latino job applicants, called testers, who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills. The testers were given equivalent resumes and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs. Our results show that black applicants were half as likely to receive a callback or job offer relative to equally qualified whites.

This exploratory study, relying upon statewide administrative education and child welfare data, examined the special education use and child protection involvement of a cohort of children who received Part C services in Minnesota as infants and toddlers during the late 1990s. We explored this in two ways: by examining what proportion of Part C children did not need special education by elementary school, and; by selecting a series of comparison groups of children who did not receive Part C, but who may have had eligibility as infants and toddlers.

This booklet offers guidance to learning disability partnership boards to help them ensure that carers of people with learning disabilities and carers with learning disabilities are supported in their own right and involved in local service developments that affect their lives and the lives of the people they care for.

This is a letter from Deputy Director of Cross Government Programmes, Stakeholder and Partner Relationships Claire Phillips. It seeks views from a wide range of stakeholders on the Department of Health’s Taskforce on Violence Against Women and Girls.

Global health has emerged as a growing field, particularly over the past decade. Greater recognition of the global AIDS crisis, combined with the appearance and rapid international spread of epidemics such as SARS and H1N1 (swine flu) have reinforced that health threats transcend national borders. While much of the media attention has focused on epidemic infectious diseases, global health also encompasses a wider scope of health problems, determinants, and solutions, such as chronic illnesses and injuries, development, and foreign aid.

This is a fact sheet to assist social scientists in meeting the requirements of the Mental Capacity Act when carrying out social science research that includes people who lack capacity.

This brief provides an overview of national postsecondary assessment efforts and notes the similarities and differences these approaches have taken in comparison to college rankings, presents several examples of the inclusion of college rankings in state government assessment efforts, highlights key findings, and makes recommendations for enhancing the policy relevance of college rankings. Key findings and recommendations are drawn from a review of the literature on college rankings and postsecondary government accountability systems, and from interviews with individuals from federal and state government agencies, trade associations, and other groups.

This brief provides an overview of national postsecondary assessment efforts and notes the similarities and differences these approaches have taken in comparison to college rankings, presents several examples of the inclusion of college rankings in state government assessment efforts, highlights key findings, and makes recommendations for enhancing the policy relevance of college rankings. Key findings and recommendations are drawn from a review of the literature on college rankings and postsecondary government accountability systems, and from interviews with individuals from federal and state government agencies, trade associations, and other groups.

7 Outcomes in the Areas of Safety, Permanency, and Child and Family Well-Being

Three-quarters of online economic users go online to relax and take their minds off of the recession. Fully 88% of 18-29 year old online economic users look to the internet to relax.

In Arkansas and Oklahoma, men and women marry young -- half of first-time brides in these states were age 24 or younger on their wedding day. These states also have above-average shares of women who divorced in 2007-2008. It's the opposite state of affairs in Massachusetts and New York. Their residents marry late -- half of ever-married New York men were older than age 30 when they first wed. These states also have below-average shares of men and women who divorced in 2007-2008.

Most poverty data come from studies conducted at one point in time, or from annual studies conducted on a different set of people every year. In the 1970s and 1980s, when researchers began analyzing information from longitudinal studies, a dynamic view of poverty began to emerge. The longitudinal data (collected from the same set of people for several years) show that a majority of poor individuals do not remain poor for very long periods of time and a relatively high proportion of people have experienced poverty at one point or another.

Refugee women are more affected by violence against women than any other women’s population in the world and all refugee women are at risk of
rape or other forms of sexual violence. Sexual violence is regarded the UN as one of the worst global protection challenges due to its scale, prevalence and profound impact. Up to half a million women were raped during the Rwandan genocide; more than 90% of women and girls over the age of three suffered sexual violence in parts of Liberia, while three out of four women have survived sexual violence in parts of Eastern Congo.

The Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIPRA) of 2009 has the potential to transform children’s health care in the United States. The authors of this report analyze selected provisions of the legislation that involve outreach and enrollment, as well as child health quality and measurement.

An information pack has been produced by the Care Council for Wales to help communicate the campaign messages to as wide an audience as possible – be it those receiving social care services, those working in the sector or members of the general public.

The Commission has been working with the Government Equalities Office (GEO), the Scottish Government, the Welsh Assembly Government, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and a range of other stakeholders and subject experts to develop a measurement framework that can be used to assess equality and human rights across a range of domains relevant to 21st century life.

All of us who work with families carry into our work a whole set of beliefs and values about family life and how children should be cared for. This learning object is designed to make you aware of these personal values and how they might impact on your practice.

Presents survey findings on bilingual clinicians, staff, interpreters, and volunteers providing language services; training and assessment; hospital policies; and their impact. Recommends explicit policies, robust assessments, and proactive approaches.

The survey confirms that most of our society’s children are exposed to violence in their daily lives. More than 60 percent of the children surveyed were exposed to violence within the past year, either directly or indirectly (i.e., as a witness to a violent act; by learning of a violent act against a family member, neighbor, or close friend; or from a threat against their home or school).

In Working toward Wellness, master’s-level clinicians (“care managers”) called the study participants in the program group to encourage them to seek treatment, to make sure that they were complying with treatment, and to provide telephonic counseling. The effects of the program are being studied by examining 499 depressed Medicaid recipients with children, who were randomly assigned to the program group or the control group from November 2004 to October 2006. Participants were given a list of mental health professionals in the community from whom they could receive treatment.

This e-learning resource explores the complex issues that often surround these children and families. Through a case study, you will have the chance to reflect on an assessment of possible neglect and support services that could be of assistance to them. You can then compare your reflections with the findings of the social workers who undertook the assessment and find out more about the possible services available to the family.

America’s Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2009 is a compendium of indicators illustrating both the promises and the difficulties confronting our Nation’s young people. The report presents 40 key indicators on important aspects of children’s lives. These indicators are drawn from our most reliable statistics, easily understood by broad audiences, objectively based on substantial research, balanced so that no single area of children’s lives dominates the report, measured regularly so that they can be updated to show trends over time, and representative of large segments of the population rather than one particular group.

The three rural northern New Hampshire counties of Carroll, Coos, and Grafton have undergone economic and demographic changes in recent years that have impacted the climate for young residents. This report provides a snapshot of how youth are doing in these three counties and describes some of the difficulties they and their communities face as they negotiate the transition to adulthood. The study is based on data from several agencies that collect county- and community-level information about youth as well as from interviews with individuals working with youth in each of the three counties.

When using services, parents have reported that they encounter discriminatory attitudes from some professionals on the basis that they are poor. This e-learning resource seeks to help you understand the positive steps that can be taken to building good relationships with parents in poverty.

Through a scenario this resource enables you to explore the potential barriers to communication that can exist in your everyday work. This resource will further your understanding of how the following factors can inhibit, interrupt or confuse the communication between social workers and service users, carers and others:

This is the final report on a small-scale qualitative study, convened in two phases among a panel of people who currently use social services or who have used services.

Partnership work refers to partnership with people who use services and their carers, students, agency colleagues and other professions.

GAO found tens of thousands of Medicaid beneficiaries and providers involved in potential fraudulent purchases of controlled substances, abusive purchases of controlled substances, or both through the Medicaid program in California, Illinois, New York, North Carolina, and Texas. About 65,000 Medicaid beneficiaries in the five selected states acquired the same type of controlled substances from six or more different medical practitioners during fiscal years 2006 and 2007 with the majority of beneficiaries visiting from 6 to 10 medical practitioners.

Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) refers to the disproportionate representation of minority youth in the juvenile justice system. DMC first cameto national attention in 1988, when the Coalition for Juvenile Justice (formerlythe National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups) focused on the problem in its annual report to Congress.

This primer, updated with 2008 data, reviews the basic profile of the uninsured population, how they receive care, the latest trends in health insurance coverage, key issues in increasing coverage and basic statistics on the uninsured. More detailed breakdowns are available in supplemental data tables.

This e-learning resource lets you explore the framework and its many dimensions. With the help of Barbara, a social worker, you will use the framework to assess a family, to help you to understand the needs of children and families in your daily role.

The first Health Indicators report was released in 2000, published along with Health Care in Canada. At that time, the report included 13 indicators, providing the first-ever comparative data on a range of health and health system measures for Canada’s 63 largest health regions as well as the provinces and territories. The goal was to provide objective and up-to-date information to support evidence-based decision-making for regional, provincial and national stakeholders. The indicators were to help answer two questions: how healthy are Canadians, and how healthy is the Canadian health care system? This year, CIHI and Statistics Canada celebrate the 10th release of this report—Health Indicators 2009.

Parents living in poverty face a complex set of issues at individual, family and community levels that make parenting more difficult.

Offers guidance on policy and programmatic actions local governments can take, with community input, to promote healthy eating and physical activity and to ensure equal opportunities for healthy living in low-income neighborhoods. Profiles best practices.

Despite poverty and social exclusion being common characteristics of families involved in the child protection system, there is evidence to suggest that professionals struggle to truly incorporate an understanding of the impact of poverty in their assessments and interventions.

This document reports on what needs to be done to tackle the damaging discrimination and disadvantage lesbian, gay and bisexual people face and where organisations will need to focus in order to address the changes required.

This resource uses a case study to help you explore the challenges that social workers experience during interviews and what decisions can be made to overcome some of these. It highlights that discovering the other person’s perspective and establishing a shared agenda for the interview are priority tasks, as well as the need to explain bureaucratic procedures and to provide as well as gather information.

Overall rates of injury and death increase dramatically from childhood to late adolescence. 1 Due to developmental and social factors, such as time spent without adult supervision and increasing independence, adolescents are more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors than either younger children or adults. Biology also plays a role. The maturation of brain networks responsible for self-regulation often does not occur until late adolescence, making adolescents more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors. These are just a few of the factors that contribute to greater risk of injury or violence in this age group.

This statistical release provides information about looked after children in England for the year ending 31 March 2009. It reports progress on seven national indicators.

SCIE’s latest knowledge review examines social work teaching on human growth and development with regard to older people, looking particularly at what promotes or hinders successful learning outcomes. Teaching on human growth and development is a central requirement of qualifying social work education and the focus on older people is particularly relevant as we improve our policies and practice in response to an ageing population.

This e-learning resource uses a video scenario to help you develop your observation, listening and interviewing skills and to become more aware of your own subjectivity. Different ways of asking questions will be considered in more depth and you will have the opportunity to try out some creative approaches to gathering information using diagrams or art-based tools.

Outlines how education levels influence health-related knowledge and behaviors, employment and income, and social and psychological factors, and, in turn, health outcomes. Examines how parents' education affects children's health and educational outlook.

This report presents interim results from a rigorous evaluation of the New York City-based Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO), a highly regarded employment program for ex-prisoners. CEO participants are placed in paid transitional jobs shortly after enrollment; they are supervised by CEO staff and receive a range of supports. Once they show good performance in the transitional job, participants get help finding a permanent job and additional support after placement.

This resource looks at the benefits that are gained from the relationships that are built within social work. Using the voices of service users, carers and workers you will hear accounts of how the relationships that were created helped them to deal with the difficulties they faced.

This project tests one of many possible approaches for supplemental instruction (others might be more experiential or focused on enrichment). Furthermore, it is not a test of the effects of after-school program services compared to no after-school program. As part of the intervention, these instructional models were supported by implementation strategies related to staffing, training and technical assistance, and student attendance. This second and final report presents findings, after two years of program implementation, from a two-year intervention and random assignment evaluation in 27 after-school centers (12 for reading and 15 for math) for students in grades 2 through 5.

Poverty affects children from very different backgrounds. Discrimination on the bases of disability, race or immigration status mean that some sections of the population are significantly over represented among poor families. However, many families living in poverty also report facing discrimination on the basis of being poor. This is compounded when involved with child welfare services.

NCCP’s Demographic Profiles provide state-specific data on the characteristics of children in poor and low-income families by age. Children living in families with incomes below the federal poverty level – $22,050 for a family of four in 2009 – are referred to as poor. Children living in families with incomes below twice this level are referred to as low income.

This resource will further your understanding of:
* the principles of effective communication as a two or more way process (underpinned by values such as participation and inclusion)
* how context shapes communication and can facilitate or impede effective communication
* communication within the social work role and task

Knowledge translation is all about turning research into action. It is about closing the gap between knowing and doing. It’s about accelerating the capture and practical application of the knowledge uncovered by research. For the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the benefits of knowledge translation (KT) include better health for Canadians, improved health services and products, and economic growth.

(SSA) has experienced processing delays and significant backlogs of disability claims at the hearings level. In May 2007, SSA began implementing a plan for eliminating the hearings backlog entitled Summary of Initiatives to Eliminate the SSA Hearings Backlog (the Plan). In response to a congressional request, GAO (1) examined the Plan's potential to eliminate the hearings-level backlog, (2) determined the extent to which the Plan included components of sound planning, and (3) identified potential unintended effects of the Plan on hearings-level operations and other aspects of the disability process.

This statistical first release contains national and local authority level results for the early years foundation stage profile assessments for 2009. It shows the percentage of children achieving each point on the 13 assessment scales and provides figures that help to assess progress towards the achievement of public service agreement targets and associated national indicators.

The tobacco industry has a long history of developing cigarette brands and marketing
campaigns that target women and girls, with devastating consequences for women’s health. In
the last two years, the industry has significantly stepped up these efforts, threatening to lure a
new generation of girls into a lifetime of smoking. The nation’s two largest tobacco companies –
Philip Morris USA and R.J. Reynolds – have launched new marketing campaigns that depict
cigarette smoking as feminine and fashionable to counter the growing public consensus that
smoking is socially unacceptable and unhealthy.

This publication provides guidance at a glance for frontine workers on techniques which can help build community cohesion.

Understanding the various definitions of poverty is a very complicated task, but this e-learning resource is designed to help you see beyond technical definitions and to understand how poverty changes people’s lives.

Although there are common themes among immigrants, certain groups do have unique perspectives. We chose to look at two groups, immigrants from Mexico and immigrants who identify themselves as Muslims as these groups are at the forefront of immigration policy and perceptions. Mexican immigrants are more likely to say they’re happy in the United States, but also significantly more likely to perceive discrimination against immigrants. They’re also more likely to be lower-income and perhaps face more language barriers. Muslims, by contrast, are less likely to report discrimination and overwhelmingly more likely to say the United States will be their permanent home.

The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) hired PRA Inc. to evaluate the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Community-Based Research (CBR) Program and its funding tools. The purpose of the evaluation is to assess the rationale for the program, the effectiveness of its design and delivery processes, and its successes. CIHR will use the results of the evaluation to strengthen the HIV/AIDS CBR Program and maximize its impact on Canada's response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Over the past few decades, a number of social and environmental changes have limited children’s access to safe places where they can walk, bike and play. As a result, children and adolescents are less physically active than they were a generation ago. For example, traffic dangers, neighborhoods that lack sidewalks and urban sprawl have contributed to a sharp decline in the number of students ages 5 to 18 who walk or bike to school, from 42 percent in 1969 to only 13 percent in 2001.

The number of individuals experiencing hunger has grown to more than 1 billion worldwide in 2009, up from a record 963 million in 2008, according to the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). FAO attributes this upsurge in hunger to the global economic crisis, which followed rising food and fuel prices from 2006 to 2008. However, even before these crises, the number of undernourished people had been increasing annually in sub-Saharan Africa--where some of the world's food needs are greatest--underscoring the need to improve international food assistance. International food assistance includes both emergency food aid and long-term food security programs.

Huge changes to social policy have occurred since 1979. This study uses three 'model lifetimes' for low, average and high earners to look at the impact of taxes and benefits over time. It also examines child and pensioner poverty under the systems of 1979, 1997 and 2008.

Despite its efforts, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), which oversees federal school meals programs, did not always ensure that states and schools received timely and complete notification about suspect food products provided to schools through the federal commodity program. The federal commodity program provides food to schools at no cost to the schools, and accounts for 15 to 20 percent of food served in school meals. During 3 recent recalls, FNS notified states, but in only one case did it inform schools to hold and not serve suspect foods prior to an official recall of commodity products.

The Adoption & Child Welfare JobSite is a FREE webservice created and managed by the National Center for Adoption Law and Policy at Capital University Law School. Unlike other employment websites, the JobSite is specifically limited to employment opportunities in the adoption and child welfare fields. The JobSite connects legal and social work students and professionals with adoption and child welfare employers across the country. By helping to link qualified individuals with employers dedicated to working with children and families, we seek to advance our goal that all children will have safe, healthy, permanent homes.

This qualitative study, which draws on focus group discussions and interviews, captures the views of Bangladeshi Muslim, Pakistani Muslim, Gujarati Hindu and Punjabi Sikh fathers and mothers. The findings suggest that policies aimed at supporting Asian fathers appreciate and address a number of issues.

Of the estimated 1.1 million Americans living with HIV, not all are aware of their HIV-positive status. Timely testing of HIV-positive individuals is important to improve health outcomes and to slow the disease's transmission. It is also important that individuals have access to HIV care after being diagnosed, but not all diagnosed individuals are receiving such care. The

This issue brief examines the health care needs and health costs of individuals with special health challenges, focusing on those with low-to-moderate incomes. It finds that even under a benefit package more generous than most offered in the private insurance market, individuals and families can face significant gaps in coverage and large out-of-pocket costs, especially if they have serious health conditions.

For-profit schools-also known as proprietary schools-received over $16 billion in federal loans, grants, and campus-based aid under Title IV of the Higher Education Act in 2007/08. GAO was asked to determine (1) how the student loan default profile of proprietary schools compares with that of other types of schools and (2) the extent to which Education's policies and procedures for monitoring student eligibility requirements for federal aid at proprietary schools protect students and the investment of Title IV funds.

This interactive side-by-side compares the leading comprehensive reform proposals across a number of key characteristics and plan components. Included in this side-by-side are proposals for moving toward universal coverage that have been put forward by the President and Members of Congress.

The past several decades have been marked by notable changes in women’s labor force activities. Women’s labor force participation is significantly higher today than it was in the 1970s, particularly among women with children, and a larger share of women work full time and year round than in past decades.

The Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoption Act alters federal policy in five key areas: support for kinship care, supports for older foster youth, ensuring positive educational and health care outcomes for foster children, support and incentives for adoption, and direct access to federal funds for Indian tribes. In addition, financing changes provide greater federal reimbursement to states for a few key activities.

While today’s child welfare administrators address the challenges of improving child safety, well-being, and permanency, they also must meet the needs of an increasingly culturally and ethnically diverse child elfare population. The disproportionate numbers f children of color who are part of the child welfare opulation represent only the tip of the iceberg in ealing with cultural issues. Children of color are verrepresented in almost every part of the child wlfare system. Families of racial and ethnic minority groups are investigated more frequently; their children are more often found to be “victims” of abuse, neglect, or maltreatment; and, compared to White families, they experience a higher percentage of child removals
from family homes.

Medicaid, a federal-state program that finances health care for certain low-income populations, can play a critical role in the provision of preventive services, which help prevent, diagnose, and manage health conditions. GAO examined available data to assess (1) the extent to which Medicaid children and adults have certain health conditions and receive certain preventive services, (2) for Medicaid children, state monitoring and promotion of the provision of preventive services, (3) for Medicaid adults, state coverage of preventive services, and (4) federal oversight by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).

State Medicaid programs reported that they use multiple strategies to monitor and improve access to dental services for children, but problems persist. Most states responding to our survey use a variety of tools, such as examining claims and utilization data, to monitor the provision of dental services to children in Medicaid. Although all 21 states that provide Medicaid dental services through managed care organizations (MCO) reported that they set measurable access standards for MCOs, 14 states reported that MCOs do not meet all of the state’s dental access standards. Almost all states described initiatives to improve access to dental services, including simplifying claims processing, increasing reimbursement rates, recruiting providers, and educating beneficiaries. Nonetheless, access rates remain low and states reported that long-standing barriers hinder further improvement.

Surveys suggest that public attitudes towards those experiencing poverty are harshly judgemental or view poverty and inequality as inevitable. But when people are better informed about inequality and life on a low income, they are more supportive of measures to reduce poverty and inequality.

This site contains Medicaid Benefits survey data from 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2008 with information about benefits covered, limits, co-payments and reimbursement methodologies for the 50 states, the District of Columbia and the Territories.

Produced in response to calls from within the family involvement field, Data Collection Instrucments for Evaluating Family Involvement provides stakeholders with some commonly used and standardized data collection instruments on family involvement. This resource can help stakeholders learn about and choose rigorous family involvement instruments to assess impact and ensure quality. By reviewing these and other instruments, program and policy leaders can also think about which measures are most appropriate for their work and how to adapt or develop tools to assess it.

To what extent is there a 'common model' of fatherhood in a modern multicultural Britain that is changing fast? This research set out to investigate the parenting beliefs and practices of fathers from 29 'ordinary' two-parent families living in non-affluent neighbourhoods from four ethnic groups: White British, Black African, Black Caribbean and Pakistani.

This report is part of a two-volume set that explores issues of worklessness in the New Deal for Communities areas. It explores issues surrounding the implementation of worklessness strategies at the neighbourhood level.

Demand for Medicaid increases when the economy is weak, driving up enrollment and costs just as state budgets tighten. This fact sheet, updated to include information from recent interviews with state Medicaid directors, summarizes the relationship of Medicaid with state budgets and discusses the current fiscal situation in the states and how it is affecting Medicaid programs.

People working to tackle poverty in the UK are increasingly interested in using human rights in their work. This study looks at how this has been done in other countries, its impact on affected communities, debate, policy and government programmes, and its relevance for the UK.

This report presents basic trends in household and family composition and living arrangements. Previous U.S. Census Bureau reports in this series were based only on the Annual Social and Economic supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS ASEC). With the full implementation of the American Community Survey (ACS) and due to its large sample size, there now exist annual data to examine household and family characteristics for geographic areas below the national level (3 million addresses).

In 2008, JRF published the first 'minimum income standard for Britain' (MIS), based on what members of the public thought was needed to achieve a socially acceptable standard of living. This new research explores whether the standard is applicable to Northern Ireland.

This issue brief examines the health care needs and health costs of children and analyzes the specific health care needs of two children in particular, including one with serious health challenges. The findings have implications for the health reform debate as policymakers consider minimum standards for coverage, required cost sharing amounts and limits on covered benefits in health plans.

This report is part of 2 volume set which explores issues of worklessness in the New Deal for Communities areas. It examines evidence on the scale and dynamics of worklessness across the Programme as a whole and at variations between the individual NDC areas. It considers separately the issues of unemployment and economic inactivity amongst residents of these deprived areas as well as looking at supply-side barriers to employment anddemand in the local economy.

The UK population is growing older. Over the last 25 years the population aged 65 and over has increased by 1.5 million (an increase from 15 per cent in 1983 to 16 per cent of the population by 2008). The fastest population increase has been in the number of those aged 85 and over. Since 1983, the number of people aged 85 and over has more than doubled from 600,000 in 1983 to 1.3 million people in 2008.

In September 2009, the unemployment rate of persons with a disability was 16.2 percent, compared with 9.2 percent for persons with no disability, not seasonally adjusted. The employment-population ratio for persons with a disability was 18.4 percent, compared with 64.1 percent for persons with no disability.

This fact sheet provides a brief overview of low-income adults' current eligibility for Medicaid and other state-funded coverage programs and a discussion of how this coverage may be impacted by health reform.

The teaching of life skills and the philosophy of youth development are not new concepts in Indian country. In traditional settings, Native American youth begin to prepare at a very early age for the adult roles they will assume. Under the watchful eyes of extended family and clan, community members and tribal leaders, they begin this preparation by playing games that simulate adult responsibilities and listening to stories that teach the right way to do things based on tribal values.

Lifebooks – similar to scrapbooks – offer children a creative forum where they can document their experiences with foster care, identify current and past relationships with family and other adults, and explore their feelings and identity. This bibliography presents selected resources on creating lifebooks: books, Web sites, tools, and journal articles.

This report describes one attempt at using statewide administrative data from child welfare and education systems in one Midwestern state to form a broader picture of how homeless and highly mobile students are faring. We learned that homeless and highly mobile students are significantly different from their non-mobile peers in a number of ways, and our ability to examine their historical attendance patterns and child welfare involvement suggests that local school data could be used differently to identify students earlier and that social services partnerships with schools should be strengthened and maintained.

This article shines a light on the economic benefits of investing in the earliest years and provides a state example which demonstrates it in action. It concludes with tips and strategies for how your state and/or community can work with business leaders and economists to establish similar investments for infants, toddlers, and their families.

The year 2007 marked an economic turning point in the United States. According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, the nation’s economic output peaked late in the year and then began to contract. This development affected immigration in two important ways: immigrants began arriving in fewer numbers than they have since the 1960s; and those immigrants who not only arrived but stayed fell further behind the native-born population economically. Economic assimilation declined even among immigrants who arrived more than a decade ago, indicating that differences between that cohort and the native-born population widened.

In the battle against homophobia in South Africa some of the ugliest moments of the war are likely to be reflected in violence and hate crimes against gay people in the townships of the major cities. But it is in the small towns outside the urban centres that the battle for equality will be won or lost. It is in these towns that tolerance and acceptance of the diversity which is at the core of the Equality Clause in the Bill of Rights will be tested.

CLASP Datafinder is a custom, easy-to-use tool developed to provide select demographic information as well as administrative data on programs that affect low-income people and families.

The passage of the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act (P.L. 110-351) represents the most significant federal child welfare reform in more than a decade. While the scope and nature of the federal reforms are far reaching, the actual impact of the legislation on children will depend largely upon how it is implemented.

The brief examines current funding for comparative effectiveness research, the provisions included in the current health reform legislation, and issues related to which treatments that might be studied, whether and how to weigh costs of care, and how such findings will be used and shared with health-care practitioners and the public. It is part of the Foundation's series of Explaining Health Reform briefs on key concepts in health reform.

The Opening Doors Project: As a judge, lawyer or other child welfare professional do you understand the risk factors common to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning (LGBTQ) youth? These include high suicide rates, substance abuse, health issues, and harassment in foster care and in school. Do you know how a youth’s LGBTQ status affects permanency (including reunification, adoption, guardianship, or placement with a fit and willing relative)?

Housing Benefit (HB) is an income-related benefit that helps low income families with the cost of rented accommodation. In 2007/08 over four million families received HB at an annual cost of around £16 billion (Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) statistics). HB was introduced in 1983 combining local authority (LA) rent rebates for council tenants and the housing element of supplementary benefit provided by the then Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) for tenants of private landlords and housing associations. Since then it has provided vital help to support families on low incomes to afford decent housing.

This issue brief highlights key issues for women that arise in the context of health reform, including access to health insurance coverage, health care affordability, scope of benefits, reproductive health and long-term care. The brief examines the current situation for women as well as relevant provisions in the major reform legislation now under consideration in the House and Senate.

This study examines changes in policies and procedures in local child protective services (CPS) agencies between 2002 and 2005-2006. The analysis is intended to identify noteworthy changes or developments in recent years in each of four topical areas covered by the surveys analyzed: administration and staffing; screening and intake procedures; investigation of maltreatment allegations; and alternative CPS responses.

The legal and practical issues surrounding child support obligations have enormous impact on families in the child welfare system. Unfortunately, these issues are often ignored, overlooked, or misunderstood. A much-needed effort to engage nonresident fathers in the child welfare system is underway, but those efforts will often be derailed if child support is not properly addressed. This article sheds light on the legal and policy concerns regarding child support enforcement in child protection cases and provides legal strategies for advocates to address those concerns.

This annual 50-state survey finds that number of people on Medicaid and state spending on the program are climbing sharply as a result of the recession, straining state budgets and pressuring officials to curb costs despite increased financial help from the federal government through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA).

Young women and men may find themselves being treated unfairly because of their gender, age, disability, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation or transgender status. This can happen whether they are at school, school leavers making career choices, new employees, part-time workers, students in further or higher education, apprentices or trainees.

Because a small fraction of individuals account for a large share of total health expenditures, insurers gain more by excluding high-cost people from coverage than by efficiently managing the care of enrollees. The incentives for insurers to avoid high-cost and high-risk enrollees affect not only the likelihood of health insurance coverage for the high-risk population, but also the cost and accessibility of coverage overall in the small-group and nongroup private health insurance markets This paper identifies public policies that might address these problems in private health insurance markets more effectively and delineates the advantages and disadvantages of each.

This evaluation sought to provide an independent view on the impact of five major DCSF interventions in five local authority children’s services (North East Lincolnshire, Swindon, Plymouth, Walsall and Waltham Forest) following inadequate judgements from Ofsted. The aim was to compare the reasons for underperformance and establish the extent to which the intervention led to improvement in outcomes and council performance.

Hate crime is the targeting of individuals, groups and communities because of who they are. It targets people because of elements which go to the core of their identities – their race, their religious beliefs (or lack of them), their disability, their sexual orientation or that they are transgender. Hate crime is also a crime against the groups and communities to which these people belong. Hate crime is a human rights issue, a threat to community cohesion and a rejection of our shared values. Our society is strong when our communities are strong. And communities thrive when they are united by positive values they share. Values like fairness, respect and tolerance, democracy and the rule of law.

This report presents data on the presence of autism spectrum disorders, based on the data collected at phases one and two of the adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2007.

This statistical release presents an overview of all aspects of higher education in the UK and contains data for England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the UK. It draws together data on students, staff, institutional finance, applicants via UCAS, graduates and graduate destinations, student support and international comparisons.

The aim of this multimedia learning resource is to provide a broad introduction to the issues affecting minority ethnic carers and service users with an emphasis on achieving cultural competence within individual practice.

Reviews data on causes of teen deaths and outlines strategies for improving motor vehicle safety; preventing violence, risky behavior, and suicide; supporting role models; and enhancing families' and communities' capacity to support healthy development.

This research tracked a group of pupils permanently excluded from special schools and pupil referral units and examined the events and processes that led to their exclusion, as well as their subsequent education and other outcomes.

Communities That Care (CTC) is an evidence-based substance-use prevention system. It helps community leaders identify the risk factors for future substance use among their youth and choose evidence-based programs to address those risk factors. To evaluate CTC, a team of researchers at the University of Washington led by Dr. J. David Hawkins studied a group of 4,407 fifth graders from 24 communities in 7 states.

The Rural Experience is an exciting new initiative to inspire senior people from government, public funded organisations and the voluntary sector to make a positive contribution to rural communities.

Between 2007 and 2008, real incomes fell and poverty rose in the United States, Institute Fellow Harry Holzer testified before the Joint Economic Committee of Congress. Even if the recession ends this year, rising unemployment will mean that real income keeps falling while poverty increases for a few more years — and almost certainly by much more than occurred between 2007 and 2008. It will likely take several years beyond 2010 before real income and poverty fully recover from the effects of the downturn.

Analyzes state-by-state trends in insurance premium costs and as a share of household income. Compares projected cost increases by 2015 and 2020 under three scenarios for growth depending on the effects of healthcare reform. Discusses policy implications.

Describes strategies that States and communities can use to reduce disproportionate minority contact with the juvenile justice system. This bulletin is a companion to the latest edition of OJJDP's Disproportionate Minority Contact Technical Assistance Manual. It includes useful "how to" information drawn from the manual and presents important background on the context in which local preparation takes place—media coverage and public attitudes about crime, race, and youth.

This research looks into the experiences of students taking alternative routes into, and pathways through, higher education.

The first Minimum Income Standard for Britain was launched in 2008 and represents an important new benchmark for economic well-being. This study asks if this standard is applicable for Northern Ireland and whether it is possible to have a 'UK-wide MIS'.

This publication concentrates on low-income dynamics. It shows trends in relation to individuals who are persistently observed as living in low-income households and presents transition rates. The latest release updates the statistics previously released on 7th May 2009.

This tool was developed for advocates, evaluators, and funders who want guidance on how to evaluate advocacy and policy change efforts. The User's Guide takes you through four basic steps that generate the core elements of an advocacy evaluation plan, including what will be measured and how.

Our new report 'Indicators of Poverty and Social Exclusion in Rural England: 2009' uses the most current data available to present a range of key indicators of poverty and social exclusion in rural England in comparison with the equivalent data for urban areas. In total, there are 37 indicators grouped into 7 sections focussing respectively on low income, work, education, health, housing, services and community.

The study was conducted using focus groups and interviews with managers, staff and foster carers in seven local authorities; a postal survey of carers and social workers of 196 children; analysis of historical data collected on 90 children who had previously been studied five and eight years earlier; and interviews with 37 children and their foster carers and adoptive parents.

This is a new/first time publication. The release provides data on the self-evaluation scores given by each local authority in relation to available measures to monitor and respond to cases of Children Missing from Home or Care.

Growing evidence demonstrates that certain approaches to financing and paying for chronic care coordination for patients are effective not only for improving patient well-being but can also reduce health care spending. However, chronic care approaches should vary for different patient populations and can be carried out effectively by diverse organizations and professionals reflecting the heterogeneity of health care delivery throughout the US. The Report considers the different populations in need of care coordination, summarizes current evidence of effectiveness, describes the various entities that can serve as focal points for coordinating care, and details the possible financing and payment options that can support these approaches.

Surveys suggest that public attitudes towards those experiencing poverty are harshly judgemental or view poverty and inequality as inevitable. But when people are better informed about inequality and life on a low income, they are more supportive of measures to reduce poverty and inequality.

The New Policy Institute has produced its 2009 edition of indicators of poverty and social exclusion in Northern Ireland, providing a comprehensive analysis of trends.

This paper reviews the literature on poverty dynamics in the United States. It surveys the most prevalent data, theories, and methods used to answer three key questions: How likely are people to enter, exit, and reenter poverty? How long do people remain in poverty? And what events are associated with entering and exiting poverty? The paper then analyzes the combined findings of the literature, discussing overarching patterns of poverty dynamics, differences among demographic groups, and how poverty probabilities, duration, and events have changed over time. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings and avenues for future research.

In order to guide juvenile processing decisions (filing, adjudication, detention, commitment), judges, attorneys, case managers, and probation staff rely on standardized instruments to assess the risks and needs of youth. Using such instruments systematizes decision-making criteria and provides consistent and objective standards to make the juvenile justice system more efficient and effective. Because of increased prevalence of girls in the juvenile justice system and heightened public awareness, practitioners and policymakers have questioned whether the instruments currently in use are appropriate for girls. Gender is an important variable in understanding delinquent behavior and must be addressed in developing assessment tools. However, no research to date has systematically examined the extent to which instruments used in the juvenile justice system are valid for girls. The Girls Study Group (GSG) conducted such a review between May 2006 and February 2007.

Since 1996, the National Youth Gang Center (NYGC) has conducted an annual survey of law enforcement agencies to assess the extent of gang problems by measuring the presence, characteristics, and behaviors of local gangs in jurisdictions throughout the United States. The National Youth Gang Survey (NYGS) is based on a nationally representative sample of law enforcement agencies serving larger cities, suburban counties, smaller cities, and rural counties. This Web resource contains analysis and findings from the ongoing National Youth Gang Surveys. Numerous charts and descriptions are provided as a resource for understanding gang problems.

Outlines the economic costs of dropping out of high school and proposes dropout prevention strategies, such as taking a long-term approach starting with school readiness, enhancing schools' holding power, and addressing outside factors and at-risk groups.

These reports present a broad picture of health issues relating to smoking in England and cover topics such as smoking habits, behaviours and attitudes among adults and school children, smoking-related ill health and mortality and smoking-related costs.

Over the course of a year, more than 310,000 people are held in the custody of the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).2 Adults, unaccompanied minors, and sometimes entire families live in prison-like conditions, while the government determines their legal status in the U.S. and prepares to deport them. ICE runs few of its own facilities, instead contracting out the bulk of its detention responsibilities to county jails and private prison corporations.

This report provides findings from an evaluation of a pilot that provided work-focused services through a dedicated Jobcentre Plus personal adviser, as well as activities and provision designed to support local parents into the labour market. The aim of the pilot was to test whether children’s centres can offer an effective means of engaging parents in labour market activity, moving them closer to work and ultimately into employment.

Eighty-four percent of U.S. households with children were food secure throughout 2007, meaning that they had consistent access to adequate food for active, healthy lives for all household members. Nearly 16 percent of households with children were food insecure sometime during the year, including 8.3 percent in which children were food insecure and 0.8 percent in which one or more children experienced very low food security—the most severe food-insecure condition measured by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Numerous studies suggest that children in food-insecure households have higher risks of health and development problems than children in otherwise similar food-secure households. This study found that about 85 percent of households with food-insecure children had a working adult, including 70 percent with a full-time worker. Fewer than half of households with food-insecure children included an adult educated past high school.

As this report illustrates, pre-adolescents—defined as children under the age of 12—do not belong in the adult criminal justice system, regardless of the seriousness of their offense. Whatever policy-makers may think about treating older teen offenders as adults, we hope that our research demonstrates that pre-adolescents present an entirely different set of challenges. Young children are still developing their brains and personalities and are capable of rehabilitation, yet they are often denied that redemptive possibility due to the imposition of lengthy mandatory sentences. In almost half the country, children as young as age 7 can be prosecuted as adults and subjected to lengthy mandatory sentences, including life without parole. That fact should give pause to even the toughest of lawmakers.

All available information demonstrates that hate crime can limit and prevent equality of opportunity. It creates fear amongst both individuals and the groups and communities to which they belong. Hate crime has a disproportionate impact on victims when compared to other crimes that are not motivated by hostility based on disability, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation or whether someone is transgender. For some people, hate crime can be a daily occurrence.

In May 2008 the Scottish Social Services Learning Network West commissioned a study to inform development of a more proactive and anticipatory approach to the provision of practice learning. The study, carried out by external consultants, brings together a range of evidence, based on the research literature, local audit, and a review of a range of practice learning models in social work and other professions, and makes recommendations to inform the development of a strategic plan for practice learning in the West of Scotland.

In May 2008 the Scottish Social Services Learning Network West commissioned a study to inform development of a more proactive and anticipatory approach to the provision of practice learning. The study, carried out by external consultants, brings together a range of evidence, based on the research literature, local audit, and a review of a range of practice learning models in social work and other professions, and makes recommendations to inform the development of a strategic plan for practice learning in the West of Scotland.

Today, the U.S. Census Bureau announced that the U.S. poverty rate reached 13.2 percent in 2008. Even this significant increase from the 12.5 percent rate in 2007 surely understates the share of Americans struggling to make ends meet today in September 2009.

Real median household income fell between 2007 and 2008, and the decline was widespread. Median income fell for family and nonfamily households, native- and foreign-born households, households in 3 of the 4 regions, and households of each race category and those of Hispanic origin. These declines in income coincide with the recession that started in December 2007.

This analysis estimates cost burdens of racial and ethnic disparities in a select set of preventabl diseases including diabetes, hypertension and stroke. Excess rates of these diseases among African Americans and Latinos relative to whites will cost the health care system $23.9 billion dollars in 2009. Medicare alone will spend an extra $15.6 billion, and private insurers will spend an extra $5.1 billion. Over the next decade, the total cost is approximately $337 billion. Left unchecked, these annual costs will more than double by 2050 as the representation of Latinos and African Americans among the elderly increases.

Young adults ages 19 to 29 are one of the largest segments of the U.S. population without health insurance: 13.2 million, or 29 percent, lacked coverage in 2007. They often lose coverage at age 19 or upon high school or college graduation: nearly two of five (38%) high school graduates who do not enroll in college and one-third of college graduates are uninsured for a time during the first year after graduation. Twenty-six states have passed laws to expand coverage of dependents to young adults under parents’ insurance policies.

This research explores the attitudes and intentions among young people in England towards higher education. The main focus of the report is the results of the longitudinal study of young people in England wave four, consisting of face-to-face interviews during spring and summer 2007 with around 11,000 young people predominantly aged 17.

For 2009 a suite of questions is being developed to assess public attitudes to disabled people and their rights. Data obtained from these questions will assist the Department to monitor implementation of the United Nations’ (UN‘s) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The UK is currently working towards ratification of the Convention.

Interpersonal violence and harmful and hazardous alcohol use are major challenges to global public health. Both place large burdens on the health of populations, the cohesion of communities and the provision of public services including health care and criminal justice. Globally, alcohol is responsible for 4% of all years of health lost through premature death or disability (DALYs, disability-adjusted life years, ranging from 1.3% in countries in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent to 12.1% in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

In the short term, survivors of sexual violence often experience guilt, shame, fear, anxiety, tension, an exaggerated startle response, depression, anger, impaired memory and concentration, and/or rapid mood swings. For many survivors, sleeping and eating patterns are negatively affected, along with the ability to complete every-day tasks.

Think Family means securing better outcomes for children, young people and families with additional needs by coordinating the support they receive from children’s, young people’s, adults’ and family services. This toolkit sets out how Think Family can be made a reality in day-to-day practice.

In 2004, the HI V prevalence rate inside U.S. prisons was more than four times higher than in society overall.2 Hepatitis C rates are 8 to 20 times higher in prisons than on the outside, with 12 to 35 percent of prison cases involving chronic infection. The rates of infection for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are likewise significantly higher among inmates than in the population at-large. While many inmates contract infections prior to incarceration or through non-sexual activity in prison, such as needle-sharing, the high rates of sexual violence behind bars is a clear source of transmission.

Looks at the broad range of services for low-income families under TANF as well as state spending on social services and the current value of the block grant program now versus when lawmakers established the program.

In 2007 approximately 322,000 young children received services through the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) Part C, the Early Intervention Program for Infant and Toddlers with Disabilities. Yet research shows that only a fraction of children eligible for the program received services. Against the backdrop of this gap between need for services and service use, special concerns for young children with or at risk for social-emotional developmental delays stand in relief. Even fewer of these children received services to address their social-emotional developmental needs through Part C.

In 2007 a quarter of families with children were lone parent families. Lone parent families were more than three times as likely to live in social housing than couple families, and nearly seven times as likely to have a total family income in the lowest income quintile. Families that contained no one working 16 or more hours per week were more likely to be in the lowest income quintile than those that contained at least one parent who worked for 16 or more hours per week. Nearly half of families in the lowest income quintile were lone parent families where the parent did not work 16 hours or more per week. The majority of couple families had two or more dependent children whereas the majority of lone parent families had one dependent child.

Slightly more than half of the U.S. population experiences poverty at some time before age 65. Roughly half of those who get out of poverty will become poor again within five years. Who is more likely to enter poverty? How long are people poor? And what events are associated with falling into and climbing out of poverty? This fact sheet summarizes key findings from the poverty dynamics literature to describe how, why, and when people move in and out of poverty.

In a 2007 academic study, funded by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation and conducted at six California men’s prisons, 67 percent of inmates who identified as LGBTQ reported having been sexually assaulted by another inmate during their incarceration, a rate that was 15 times higher than for the inmate population overall. Of the hundreds of survivors who contact JDI every year, approximately 20 percent self identifiy as gay, bisexual or transgender. With little or no institutional protection, victims of sexual violence are left beaten and bloodied, contract HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, and suffer severe psychological harm.

Sexual violence in detention will remain a problem in the U.S. as long as flippant and ill informed public attitudes about this form of abuse prevail. Many people consider prisoner rape to be irrelevant to their lives because it happens behind bars. Others think that sexual abuse in detention
somehow deters crime.

This brief report focuses upon the third aspect of building the case for change—the need for disparities-policy innovators and researchers to create business cases that support useful interventions across a wide variety of caregivers and health plans. The core idea is that ways are needed to encourage caregivers and related organizations to spend the time, effort, and money needed to make effective improvements. Thus, this report does not address the difficulties in obtaining solid evidence of significant health improvements for disadvantaged populations, which is arguably the central thrust of RWJF’s Finding Answers program. We address the issues and challenges in developing the business case for ongoing implementation of improvements that are found to be effective in improving clinical processes or outcomes.

We have captured just some of the good work implemented during TKAP Phase One. Forces and partners have worked hard to step up activity to engage young people, to deliver innovative interventions to prevent knife crime, and to implement tough, targeted enforcement activity. This has made a real difference to the levels of youth knife crime in TKAP areas and demonstrates to the public that we are committed to tackling youth violence.

The survey was a two stage postal one. A screener questionnaire identified eligible households with a disabled child and they were then sent a second and longer questionnaire which asked about their experiences of services received in the last 12 months across health, education and care and family support service. The survey questions focused on the five core elements - information; transparency; assessment; participation; and feedback. A total of 12,226 completed questionnaires were received. Data was analysed to produce 15 sub-indicator (three service areas x five core offer elements) scores which were based on the proportion of parents who received an ‘acceptable’ level of service.