This review does not suggest that there are any particular volunteer tutoring models that should be recommended for immediate adoption for schools and districts across the country. Rather, we can conclude from the analysis that these programs can positively influence important reading and language sub-skills for young students. The results are substantial – approximately one-third standard deviation.
We included 12 RCTs with 306 participants. Only four had adequate allocation concealment, that is a low risk of selection bias. A large number of outcome measures were reported. Only six studies measured disability and two investigated whether the effects persisted. The overall effect (standardised mean difference) on disability had a wide confidence interval that included zero and was not statistically significant. For discharge destination there were clinically significant effects but in both directions and the confidence interval of the odds ratio included one. In contrast, cognitive rehabilitation did improve performance on some, but not all, standardised neglect tests. The number of cancellation errors made was reduced and the ability to find the midpoint of a line improved immediately and persisted at follow up. These effects appeared likely to generalise from the samples studied to the target population, but were based on a small number of studies.
This article describes the development and preliminary effectiveness of a campus suicide prevention program designed for American Indian (AI) students who are at higher risk for suicide compared with the general population. Using the medicine wheel as a guiding framework, the current prevention model integrates communication links between AI tribes and prevention program staff, educational and cultural programming, and spiritual ceremonies with the larger campus mental health resources available to students. A discussion of the barriers faced and solutions generated for implementing the program is offered, along with suggestions for disseminating this AI-specific prevention program to other universities.
Early in the epidemic, HIV infection and AIDS were diagnosed for relatively few women and female adolescents (although we know now that many women were infected with HIV through injection drug use but that their infections were not diagnosed). Today, women account for more than one quarter of all new HIV/AIDS diagnoses. Women of color are especially affected by HIV infection and AIDS.
The most challenging and troubled young people need concerted, persistent help to deal with their problems and improve their behaviour. Traditional approaches do not work for these young people whose needs are especially complex, whose issues are particularly ingrained, whose behaviour is exceptionally difficult. Intensive Intervention Projects (IIPs) have been established to make a difference to these young people.
In 2008 Peter Townsend celebrated his 80th birthday, and also 60 years since his first published work. His career covered different disciplines within the social sciences - primarily sociology and social policy but to a lesser extent social anthropology, philosophy, international relations and political economy - and he has worked alongside academics, Cabinet Ministers and human rights campaigners. The range of his work was exceptional - from inner city deprivation, older people contemplating retirement, exclusion on the basis of class, race, gender, age and disability, individual versus state responsibility for health, the social purposes and viability of residential institutions and hospitals, child and extended family development, and persistent poverty.
